Dunhuang secular life under the magnificent glory

 Dunhuang: secular life under the glorious magnificent
Yang Xianping
west of Dunhuang in the Gansu Corridor lonely, more than a thousand years of cultural exchanges between the land of ancient China and medieval religious art treasures arteries. Taoist priest from the Wang Yuan memo found in possession of The hole, people have always thought that graceful and enchanting SKILL days on the yellow sand is always dancing in the Fei Liu, extremely enchanting. and now, and as a global context and within the framework of the capital market, one of the field of human existence Dunhuang, but also what is a mental attitude, ecological samples and secular life? the universal admiration for the civilization and religious development in the long memory, how can not be submerged in quicksand and disappear?
1, a long and magnificent dark loss Dunhuang, the western end of Hexi Corridor hanging
south Qilian Mountains, west of the Taklimakan, the three East Zhi Wei, north of North Cyprus Hill. In 121 BC, Huo led his troops sixty thousand a Longxi, provided assistance to the west down the Han Hun Hun Xiewang. Hunxie Wang because of the rebellion, and so suffered from the Huns once again since the defeat Mobei. Huo of the army to lightning speed, blow in the Yan Mountains support the temporary king of the Huns Court, King and capture name Chanyu Hsiungnu, Prince, bone Hou and Tribes have thousands of people, cattle and sheep over two million. Huns all the way singing: Women marry me no color, Imperial House in Anxi care settings. At this point, the formal inclusion of Dunhuang Han territory, and here the first nation to live and Ruoqiang, but before the Huo, was previously living in the here Rouzhi, Dawan, Wuhuan, Dingling other countries and national deported to the south and the Qilian Mountains area west of Congling. Subsequently, Hun Mao Dun and the old generations Chanyu on large-scale combat on Taiyue Shi, Han Hun than more vicious and brutal attack.
in this a long time, the mighty Huns because of internal division, Chanyu side by side, while the self-weakened gradually being destroyed one by one the Western Han Dynasty, moved westward in the final melt. and then over a hundred years later, the Huns have disappeared in this geographically. From Mao Dun to Hu Hanxie Chanyu, three hundred years of history, Dunhuang is probably in the blade and the horseshoe, Mingdi and blood among the tide of the. until the Northern Wei Wang Zheng Tuoba west, into submission Shii, and further south into the main central China, Buddhism entered China via the Silk Road, and quickly impact and penetration, making the Dunhuang known to the world in a sense be a matchless style and light.
366 AD, a monk named Le Zun, hunger For the time of syncope, a sudden crisis to see the three singular Guang Shan. For a devout Buddhists, settle down is also a pressing need, and the three risk mountain terrain, just coincident with some soul music and religious Zun requirements. This is a crisis in the dike three people painted shrines, no doubt making this Bingge Dunhuang forefront of the Western Regions, with the other forces. Wei and devout Buddhist, the king of the three great mountains echoed risk, making the Mogao Grottoes really flourished.
scattered around the shrines in Dunhuang, like a giant magnet, the advocates of . coupled with the different customs of different ethnic and request amendments to the evolution of the spirit of Buddhism Spread and east again, making the Mogao Grottoes are flourishing. Northern Wei, Northern Zhou Dynasty to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Mogao Grottoes from the high to the ancient religious dance nobility of the worship Buddha Cave, merchants from the student to recite the active participation of all national level, carried out a subtle, yet extremely devout evolution and prosperity. And after the defeat Ming and Qing Dynasties, but nobody cares , making the Mogao Grottoes in an unprecedented cold situation, and Ming to Qing, until liberation, the Mogao Grottoes in large part become the lair of the displaced and refuge for bandits.
should be said, is that the name of the king the Taoist circular memo, found the core of the Mogao Grottoes far more abundant and storage; subsequent Stein, Pelliot, Kozlov, Otani Guangrui, orange Ruichao and Ichiro Yoshikawa and even small scholar of Qing Liu E, Wang Guowei, Chen Yinque, Luo Zhenyu, Chiang ax, Wang Renjun, pei, and Pelliot, Jiro Naito, who created the tiger Dunhuang Studies. and Liu Bannong, Cai, Dong Kang, Hu, Chang, Ji, Chang Shu Hong, Duan Wenjie, Fan Jinshi research, and relay to make a Chinese Dunhuang Studies to become a strong cultural presence.
largely due to a too dry, the Mogao Grottoes was in a remote corner of China The prosperity or a lonely lonely alone a thousand years. But, said the geological structure of the three risk Hill did not have the ideal Buddhist cave painting to open the Buddha, Dharma, morning sound of Drum, digestion time and the ideal of spiritual cultivation land, here as a mixture of coarse sand and loess geological structure, if more than three days of rain the weather, crashing of the Mogao Grottoes will be virtual.
now the Mogao caves are about 700 caves, some 45,000 square meters of murals , more than 2,000 painted sculptures themselves. During the Cultural Revolution era, Dunhuang studies, and other categories, like, did not escape the fate forced to stop. In recent years, the Mogao Grottoes to meet Chinese and foreign tourists every year the number of nearly millions, but because people will exhaled water vapor, carbon dioxide, improve the inside temperature, and the clothes into spores and other pollution, in order to protect or delay the progress of the paintings of loss and destruction, most tourists have the opportunity to see just from the various dynasties of selected caves It was 8 to 10 significant caves.
now, hollowing Mogao murals may be facing the most serious problem, of course, water vapor and salt caused the deterioration of the murals. These mostly naked eye can not see to. For example: water vapor permeability, the murals in the salt will dissolve and then re-crystallization. In addition, the most serious problem is hollowing, because murals are painted on the skin in a layer of mud, mud, rocks glued directly on the skin hh out gradually from the rock paintings, frescoes and rock formation of the gap between.
magnificent art in front of people's admiration mural itself is far more important how long. A notable case is: often countries , such as from Japan, Korea, France, America, Britain, Italy and other places of tourists, in the Mogao Grottoes, and always felt a surprise, admiration, appreciation and study the eyes, but most people, , with the tour guide behind, hurriedly watched, in the identical explanation of Mmm, oh, look hasty and superficial meet.
especially between May to October, the Mogao Grottoes Yourenruzhi, color varies In climbing, walking and looking between the sound of one kind or another issue. a lot of people sitting in the Mogao Grottoes, in face of declining, the Mogao Grottoes gaunt, sitting on a stone bench rest. hundreds of years the number of plant or even centuries of poplar, crown cover and its large, thick waist skin cracking, most of the branches withered long knife like a lever for the old Huns, the mix, giving a sense of extreme discord. not far from the dang spring Hanoi, in addition to traces of water, it is just pebbles and grit sizes, the summer place near the bridge, just a puddle of rotten water, over the raw green algae, and speckled with the flavor of an smelly. across the mountains barren, vague and remote in the Gobi Desert and down, and boundless boundless.
2, the long yellow sand in the city and the rural
in Dunhuang city, the city can be seen as a sign of SKILL elegant yet graceful body day and night stand which days to perfect posture and the conquest of all beings through the ages the faces and voices, standing time and the vicissitudes of windblown sand in the sky. no matter what angle looking up, are subtle, charm and elegance. can, therefore, extremely reminiscent of a glorious Tang dynasty, when the Spirit can be thought of Western art and the freedom of open living.
night, went to Dunhuang city, the bustling traffic and bustling crowds, luxury building and the colorful lights, full and harmonious atmosphere. especially the night market, lights as bright as day, different accents and people of different shuttle which sit together drinking beer, eat barbecue, or enjoy browsing an array of handicrafts Tanqian . is totally forgot that this is an exposure to the desert and Gobi Kumtag between the sand and drought hit much of the northwestern town.
and nights of luxury compared to some lonely day Dunhuang, luxury hotel behind , hidden is the low, gray loess lost the house. roof covered with dust, debris being piled in the courtyard. In addition to the two main downtown streets, around the empty lonely, depressed. alone stand in the center of patterns. droves of tourists, the steady stream of vehicles and various hotels signs, giving a sense of extreme busy. but this is the end of April to the end of November the most common scenario, in the spring and Muqiu season, drive straight to the Northwest Mercedes-Benz from the Taklimakan Desert from wind, carrying yellow dust, or even coarse gravel, from the desert to the city, which will be enveloped in Dunhuang.
but who is proud of Dunhuang. accompanying the driver Zhao master said: not just in China, or the world. pieces of a happy thing. Jian Chuan said: .
drove fifty miles to the west site of Yang Han Guan, along both the Gobi, Camel sparse grass, sand and tamarisk canopy surrounded by sand, leaves and rolling, look Weidun. to the South Lake Town, along the road are next to a farming family homes, brick houses, clean courtyards, giving a sense of refreshing Moods. The village-based farmers to grow grapes. yard full of grapes to form large areas of shade, even if the summer, sitting in one of And of course five minutes, we felt the refreshing coolness. vineyards, but also mixed with gladiolus, peony and peony flowers, colorful, both decorative as well as the spice of life.
surnamed Li, a village The man said: get married and start a family, the village people, mostly descendants of people who Rong side! , the water, but plenty of miles. . the summer when people travel to Yang Guan and more open agricultural homes can be a little better income over fifty thousand yuan. life that was moist. South Lake at the top of the hill town south of the city of Shenyang mm on non-related displace, and is now a desolate ruin, and in addition to turning in the sand in the detection of some of Qin brick tile, broken ceramic pot residue, the faction is bleak The Kongmang.
airport in Dunhuang Mogao near the town, more land for melons. Here the growth of the sand land melon, watermelon, cantaloupe and Bailan melon, honey, etc. In particular, the Yellow River is famous for the two mu million kilograms or more. Some farmers, farming and business correct, to the tourist season, local products will get some to sell spots, one year, also earn a few thousand to the million. because of the distance closer to Dunhuang City In the Government's initiative, many farmers put up a greenhouse, growing vegetables category are more able to eat in the mainland, almost all of Dunhuang.
towns and villages far from the attractions of farmers mainly grow cotton based. According to reports, over the years, cotton prices rising, the addition of sales channels, the average household more than 5 acres of cotton planted, can be sold from 2 to 40,000 yuan. But as opposed to the question is: corn and wheat significantly reduced, but also far behind its production of cotton, vegetables and fruits.
winter and spring, Dunhuang relatively lonely, and many hotels to open for business until early April. This stage of Dunhuang city, people mostly immersed in the visiting relatives and friends, drinking tea in the leisurely life. and the country's farmers are restless, three to five as a partnership, to Dunhuang taking and decorating tasks, wages a clear day, be earning an allowance. to the busy season , then leaned over land, tends the crops. also some young people, by the government to Jiangsu, Tianjin and Beijing, and other output services. At present, the overall number of people working outside of Dunhuang in 5000, most New Year out, came back to the Nian-gen to Dunhuang to.
3, loss and grief and pain disappearing
from Dunhuang, the ancient city 50 kilometers west to shut under the sun, there is a green Shuibo Wang: Ottawa sag pond, the ancient name Shouchang sea , home of the legendary Pegasus. Emperor Yuan Shou (previous 120 years), Nanyang new field called minor official convicted profits long after they were banished to this. One day, in a large number of spot colors found in horses of God Ma Chun exception, into the offer after the Han Dynasty, Emperor was overjoyed, named flow ocher. Cheng Xi Yi Yung and thousands of miles, this piece Come On dragon friends. for one, would never see profits Wrangler year long time River Shule River is one of the party, also known as Lady River (legend is the Jade Emperor's daughter Princess Lady dug out) and both River (meaning nor can it block the river). Since ancient times, Dunhuang is the mother river, the earlier live in here Ruoqiang nation, they, like the Huns, Rouzhi, Wusun, Wuhuan people, nomadic in remote Dunhuang, through centuries of nomadic and war time.
on century, the sixties, the local government in urban areas 40 km away from Dunhuang in the middle of the party River, the construction of the reservoir. prospective party has dried up river bed and on the ancient river, across the vast Gobi Desert sand sea, mountains in the Mingsha and bluestone border of the Department, the green water, revealing the slightest of snow, surrounded by towering mountains, peaks reflection; towering sand hills, clear boundaries.
According to older villagers Du Dunhuang: He was still very young, the party regular outbreaks of torrential river, ten years time, the lower village was destroyed several times. now not only see flash floods, the river is getting smaller and smaller, less than one-tenth of the time great. Now, 20 million people in Dunhuang eat and rely on the party irrigation reservoir. Faced with this grim situation, the Dunhuang Municipal Party and the government formulated a comprehensive river management measures and ecological environment protection, city of Dunhuang in the party River and around the plant Elaeagnus angustifolia, Tamarix, Haloxylon vegetation such as drought more than 500 acres, the construction of 200 km of artificial canals.
the city Party Committee Propaganda Department's Zhang said: Dunhuang is now a county-level city in Gansu, 50 years, increasing year by year due to population, resource requirements increase further, declining water tables in Dunhuang, the rapid decline of wetlands, natural vegetation desertification is serious. Kumtag Desert speed of 0.5 km per year, is being swallowed up villages and fields, and as a famous tourist attraction every year Crescent Moon Spring water decreasing the rate of 0.3 mm. And on both sides of the dune sand Fenpi is getting higher and higher, from the top overlooking, Dunhuang, an oasis of this desert city, like a lonely stand by those who, surrounded by desert and yellow Iron blue desert, to the noise and quiet position, toward the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang city and looms.
for the protection of the Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang Academy Fan Jinshi now, Mr. President, forever, higher goal of scientific research into conservation. caves along the cliff two kilometers from the westward extension of the area, the Mogao Grottoes north line extended to Highway 217 11 km milestone, even as the center to both sides of the road extends 3.5 km into the area of legal protection of the Mogao Grottoes mm times.
the same year, Dean Fan Jinshi submitted to the National Political Consultative Conference The visitor center, has considerably reduced the visitors from within the residence time in the cave, alleviate increasing year by year because of tourists, the threat of murals. Now, standing in Grottoes, at first glance, , wheat straw and cotton stalks to weave a large grid network and 2 km north-south stretch of sand forest plants, will wind up effectively secured. with the initial clean-up compared to sand, this sand control method is clearly a more the initiative. On this basis, the Dunhuang Academy and the establishment of a brewing engineering, biological, chemical measures consisting of multi-level, multi-functional comprehensive protection system to more effectively prevent the shifting sands of the caves and murals of the damage. < br> But as said above, just is not enough to prevent sand, mural itself is also very serious disease since .2005, the peak daily flow of tourists to the Mogao Grottoes 7000-16000 people, the next few years or even longer period of time, will increase substantially. At the same time, a matter of feeling sad, but yet do nothing when the objective question is: do not receive any immediate Mogao Grottoes, a visitor now, murals and even aging itself are constantly shedding. near the Yulin Grottoes, West Thousand Buddha Caves, also the existence of such problems. is not difficult to think of a few hundred years later, ten years on, the Mogao Grottoes will be an eye empty, desolate stretch of caves, those profound art, religion, life-like mm mural art and will also be a great escape and spend time washing.
and murals for the Mogao Grottoes, the air dry and the more the better, the more murals preserved for long-term. But for the ecological to Dunhuang said, there is the lifeblood of the water. It is reported that: Dunhuang is located in the basin, the surrounding area with heavy rains, but within a drop of rain seen in Dunhuang. nearly fifty years, Dunhuang has never been more than 2 days of rain on the weather .2007 6,7 , the Dunhuang Municipal Party Committee and Government to adopt the methods of artificial intervention, the success of rainfall reached 11.5 mm, equivalent to the city party reservoir irrigated farmland all over .2008 1 month, take the same approach, the success of snow up to 5 cm thick.
This is a combination of contradictions. Dunhuang, too, and, like most cities in Hexi area, water is the threat of restricting development and survival of the most important issue, as important as protection of ecology and protection of Art. At present, tourism is still the leading industry of Dunhuang, an annual received more than 100 million foreign tourists a record high of .2007, to 1,403,500 people, the city's GDP reached 2.909 billion yuan, total investment in fixed assets of 1.707 billion yuan. Among them, the rural per capita income of 5,306 yuan, 806 million tourism revenue element, only the Dunhuang Academy, the annual tax of 600 million yuan. Crescent Moon Spring and Mingsha Management Service Director Yang said: br> 4, each of the Dunhuang
from the Jiayuguan Great Wall, the western end of the west, to the Guazhou, further southwest, along the sand in the desert village of mostly hidden among the top three Xiongzhi in the Gobi crisis is like a mountain lion lying aging, fur do fall, the body spots, looks extremely decadent. into the Moga town, falls among the villages in the basin, sparse trees in silence. and sat with a Zhangye, a bit earlier in the school after graduation internship in a hospital in Jiayuguan Chus girl chat, ask a person's sense of Dunhuang, 小朱 said: good. There are two reasons, one of Dunhuang small population, income, urban construction and quality of life than the Jiayuguan though almost a little, but in the west, the city of Dunhuang is the best one. The second is a relatively carefree life of a number of Dunhuang, have a large self-sufficient, happy corner of the geographic habits. Growth in Dunhuang's sake. Perhaps, those who rely on historical sites will be close to the feeling of pride. the same as those visitors inside the Mogao Caves in the end to see what kind of things there.
小朱 mentality or spontaneous, in a sense, is coincident with the Dunhuang indigenous happy corner of the traditional habits of self-sufficiency . with them the same, but interesting is this: I went around some of my colleagues and friends after the return of Dunhuang, a considerable number of people Lianhu regret. Some even said: meaning. is idealized, is also the reality of the ideal. individual livelihoods and quality of life. used to fly for, advocating for the visual delight of the common visitor, the Mogao Grottoes are esoteric and strange art, not even the so-called treasures of the heart and life experience can leave marks, which produced its components and the well-preserved, I am all previous findings, no one can be compared to the same. David wrote the book: Fan Wenzao, Li Xian, Ouyang Lin, SUN Ru-Jian, Huang Wenfu, Shi Wei Xiang, who rushed to Dunhuang. in the Mogao Grottoes, exhausted a lifetime talent and life.
is everyone Dunhuang Dunhuang, Dunhuang in each individual Among the heart, but broken down into numerous Dunhuang. for Chang, Yu Yu-jen, Chen Yinque, Chang Shuhong, who, it is a conscience, and even the soul of the Dunhuang Art; for Duan Wenjie, Fan Jinshi et al, Dunhuang is even more abundant is art, is the soul of responsibility and mission. and inner groups of foreign tourists, the inhabitants are but a few scattered ruins and civilization development, or merely a historical interest in everywhere. in the local indigenous It appears that because of the hundreds of thousands, an endless stream of visitors, which can bring their own real interests of the secular life of Dunhuang. When one group of people come and leave, still Dunhuang Dunhuang, who still guard the survival who are still, as human beings and the heart, the secular and the soul is still in Dunhuang.